PQ Crypta

Nov 2025: IBM and Cisco announced distributed quantum networks operational by early 2030s — cutting 5 years from estimates. These networks are expected to achieve cryptographically-relevant quantum computing (CRQC) capabilities, executing trillions of error-corrected quantum gate operations sufficient to threaten classical public-key cryptosystems including RSA-2048, ECDH P-256, and FFDH-3072.